how many bales of cotton were produced in 1860

The module is covered with a polyethelene tarpaulin and marked for field identification with a harmless spray. In 1971 Lambert Wilkes of College Station, working with the Texas Agricultural Extension Service and Cotton Incorporated (a research division of the National Cotton Council), devised the concept of harvesting cotton by module. Handbook of Texas Online, equivalent bales). Fortunately for Americans whose wealth depended upon the exploitation of slave labor, a fall in the price of tobacco had caused landowners in the Upper South to reduce their production of this crop and use more of their land to grow wheat, which was far more profitable. Visit the Internet Archive to watch a 1937 WPA film showing cotton bales being loaded onto a steamboat. In the years before the Civil War, the South produced the bulk of the worlds supply of cotton. The weevil, cotton's greatest enemy, not only cut production levels in half in many areas but also increased the mass migration of white and Black tenant farmers from rural Georgia that had . [42] Missouri upland cotton production in 2017 was valued at $261,348,000 with 750,000,480 pound bales produced in that year. How did slaves resist their masters? [13] Although there was some work involved in planting the seeds, and cultivating or holding out the weeds, the critical labor input for cotton was in the picking. After this date, importing slaves from Africa became illegal in the United States. The North Carolina cotton crop began to grow between 1860 with 145,514 bales and 1870 with 203,000 bales (480-lb. This sharp rise in production in the late 1850s and early 1860s was due at least in part to the removal of Indians, which opened up new areas for cotton production. New York: Random House, 1967, Foner, Philip Sheldon. Currently, you are using a shared account. It also fostered an enormous domestic trade in agricultural products from the West and manufactured goods from the East. In 1857, seventy-five percent of Connecticut voters elected to deny suffrage to African Americans, and even after the Civil War, voters there again denied Black male residents the right to vote. The California cotton industry provides more than 20,000 jobs in the state and generates revenues in excess of $3.5 billion annually. What was the military significance of completing a canal across Panama . How many bales of cotton did Georgia produce in 1860? Business Solutions including all features. A specially designed plow made it possible to break up the thick black sod, and the fertile prairie soil produced as much as one bale per acre in some areas. 5 million. Nearly forty percent of Britains exports were cotton textiles. [31], Texas produces more cotton than any other state in the United States. This particular chapter of the story of slavery in the United States starts at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. d. The slaves had to be watched to keep them from running away. Much of the corn and pork that slaves consumed came from farms in the West. Cotton in a Global Economy: Mississippi (1800-1860). The second displays the spread of slavery during those same decades. Cotton and slavery occupied a centraland intertwinedplace in the nineteenth-century economy. Cotton provoked a gold rush by attracting thousands of White men from the North and from older slave states along the Atlantic coast who came to make a quick fortune. E. A. Miller, In 2022, around 14.68 million bales of cotton were produced in the United States, a decrease from about 17.5 million bales in the previous year. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-49307. Cotton Culture, By 1860, some thirty-five hundred vessels were steaming in and out of New Orleans, carrying an annual cargo made up primarily of cotton that amounted to $220 million worth of goods (approximately $6.5 billion in 2014 dollars). ", Snow, Whitney Adrienne. Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. The time for planting cotton varies greatly in the different sections of Texas. Only Mississippi (1,195,699 bales), Alabama (997,978 bales) and Louisiana (722,218 bales) produced more cotton. ", Meikle, Paulette Ann. How many bales of cotton were produced in 1850? We need your support because we are a non-profit organization that relies upon contributions from our community in order to record and preserve the history of our state. "Cotton production in the U.S. from 2001 to 2022 (in 1,000 bales)*." The state was swept along by the global economic force created by its cotton production, the demand by cotton textile manufacturing in Europe, and New Yorks financial and commercial dealings. One bale of cotton is about 500 pounds. Cotton production in Mississippi exploded from nothing in 1800 to 535.1 million pounds in 1859; Alabama ranked second with 440.5 million pounds. After the cotton was sold and the accounts settled, the tenant or sharecropper often had little or no hard cash left over. Cotton picking occurred as many as seven times a season as the plant grew and continued to produce bolls through the fall and early winter. Some slaveholders responded to this situation by freeing slaves; far more decided to sell their excess bondsmen. The ship, Glad Tidings, with a cargo of American cotton entering the port of Liverpool in the mid-1800s. Tenants lived in houses on the landowners' property and supplied their own draft animals, tools, and seed; for their year of work, after the cotton was ginned, they received two-thirds of the value of the cotton. [1] Almost all of the cotton fiber growth and production occurs in the Southern United States and the Western United States, dominated by Texas, California, Arizona, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Further innovations in the form of genetic engineering and of nanotechnology are an encouraging development for the growth of cotton. 1800-1810 By 1850, of the 3.2 million slaves in the countrys fifteen slave states, 1.8 million were producing cotton; by 1860, slave labor was producing over two billion pounds of cotton per year. The first mechanical harvester consisted of fence posts attached to a draft animal and dragged between rows to dislodge the cotton. Visit the Internet Archive to watch a 1937 WPA film showing cotton bales being loaded onto a steamboat. Cotton dictated the Souths huge role in a global economy that included Europe, New York, other New England states, and the American west. In the late 18th century, the process started in Great Britain where several inventions the spinning jenny, Cromptons spinning mule, and Cartwrights power loom revolutionized the textile industry. This spacing helps to make the plants fruit earlier than would a wider spacing and usually results in higher yields. accessed May 01, 2023, Following the War of 1812, cotton became the key cash crop of the southern economy and the most important American commodity. [7], Native Americans were observed growing cotton by the Coronado expedition in the early 1540s. In general, planters expected a good hand, or slave, to work ten acres of land and pick two hundred pounds of cotton a day. Agents of the United States Department of Agriculture and the county extension service, which was begun at Texas A&M College, set up demonstration farms and experiment stations and visited individual farms to show farmers how to improve their crops through better methods of cultivation. Only Mississippi (1,195,699 bales), Alabama (997,978 bales) and Louisiana (722,218 bales) produced more cotton. Cotton and tobacco prices collapsed in 1920 following overproduction and the boll weevil pest wiped out the sea island cotton crop in 1921. Indeed, American cotton soon made up two-thirds of the global supply, and production continued to soar. During the baling process a sample is automatically removed. The Civil War caused a decrease in production, but by 1869 the cotton crop was reported as 350,628 bales. How many bales of cotton were produced in 1850? The United States exports more cotton than any other country, though it ranks third in total production, behind China and India. Social pressures caused by returning African American WWI veterans demanding increased civil rights being met by a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan and the violence the Klan inflicted on rural African Americans explains why many African Americans moved to northern American cities in the 1920s through the 1950s during the "Great Migration" as mechanization of agriculture was introduced, leaving many unemployed. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1970, Bowen, Catherine Drinker. 60%, $200 million a year from it January 8th 1808 A bill to abolish the importation of slaves became a law A quick glance at the numbers shows what happened. [44][45][46][47], Cotton growing is largely confined to a county near the westernmost tip of the state[citation needed]. Despite the rhetoric of the Revolution that all men are created equal, slavery not only endured in the American republic but formed the very foundation of the countrys economic success. [41] In 2017, total Missouri cottonseed sales were 179,000 tons. Log in. [19], The introduction of modern textile machinery such as the spinning jenny, power loom, and cotton gin brought in more profits, and "cotton towns" (settlements that formed an economy based on the cotton trade) sprung up throughout the U.S. [citation needed]. The phrase to be sold down the river, used by Harriet Beecher Stowe in her 1852 novel Uncle Toms Cabin, refers to this forced migration from the upper southern states to the Deep South, lower on the Mississippi, to grow cotton. The highest acreage recorded was in 1930 (4.163 million acres); the highest production year was 1937 (2.692 million bales produced over 3.421 million acres); the highest cotton yields were in 2004 (1034 pounds of lint produced per acre).[39]. Furthermore, cotton supports a USD 3 trillion global fashion industry, which includes clothes with unique designs from reputed brands, with global clothing exports valued at USD 1.3 trillion in 2016. You only have access to basic statistics. Norman, OK: Auctions of cheap Indian lands as a result of cessions of land by the Choctaw and Chickasaw nations drew bidders from the South and East. [3], Cotton has been planted and cultured in the United States since before the American Revolution, especially in South Carolina. ", Musoke, Moses S. and Alan L. Olmstead. China imported about 11% of U.S. cotton last year, which was a sharp increase over previous seasons, allowing it to overtake El Salvador, which has consistently imported about 8-9% of the total. A high demand for cotton during World War I stimulated production, but a drop in prices after the war led many tenants and sharecroppers to abandon farming altogether and move to the cities for better job opportunities. By the early 1900s, the botanist Thomas Henry Kearney (18741956) created a long staple cotton which was named Pima after the Indians who grew it. By 1860, the total number of African Americans increased to 4.4 million, and of that number, 3.95 million were held in bondage. Cotton pickers in Mississippi, mid-1800s. It was here that Pima Indians cultivated various cotton hybrids seeking ideal traits. Cotton cultivation was begun by Anglo-American colonists in 1821. Print from The Illustrated London News courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-64405. Suddenly, a process that was extraordinarily labor-intensive when done by hand could be completed quickly and easily. Planting too early often results in stunted plants, poor stands, and lower yields. In 1835, Joseph Holt Ingraham wrote: Truly does New-Orleans represent every other city and nation upon earth. Westward Expansion, 1840-1900, Industrialization and the Rise of Big Business, 1870-1900, The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870-1900, Leading the Way: The Progressive Movement, 1890-1920, Age of Empire: American Foreign Policy, 1890-1914, The Jazz Age: Redefining the Nation, 1919-1929, Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? According to the University of Missouri, cotton production per acreage in this state peaked in the 1953 and decreased to its lowest point in 1967. [5] Cotton supports the global textile mills market and the global apparel manufacturing market that produces garments for wide use, which were valued at USD 748 billion and 786 billion, respectively, in 2016. These bales, weighing about four hundred to five hundred pounds, were wrapped in burlap cloth and sent down the Mississippi River. The Civil War caused a decrease in production, but by 1869 the cotton crop was reported as 350,628 bales. In 1868 the combination of nitrocellulose and camphor made celluloid, an artificial plastic. As telegraph lines spread westward, cotton could be bought and sold on the world market faster than ever before. If the land has any appreciable slope, it should be terraced or contoured to prevent soil erosion and conserve water. Most of the slave traders carried these slaves further south to Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi. [22], The cotton industry in the United States hit a crisis in the early 1920s. Whitney never seemed, as one historian noted, to care about slavery one way or the other.. The growth of Mississippis population before its admission to statehood and afterwards is distinctly correlated to the rise of cotton production. It expanded to the west very dramatically after 1800all the way to Texasthanks to the cotton gin. In the first half of the nineteenth century, it rose in prominence and importance largely because of the cotton boom, steam-powered river traffic, and its strategic position near the mouth of the Mississippi River. The 1914-1915 season totaled 16.5 million bales. [34], Cotton was grown in Mexican California. E. A. Miller. Indeed, American cotton soon made up two-thirds of the global supply, and production continued to soar. By 1840, New Orleans alone had 12 percent of the nations total banking capital, and visitors often commented on the great cultural diversity of the city. A specially designed module mover, a modified flatbed trailer, picks up the module and carries it to the gin, where it is unloaded into the cotton storage yard or directly under the suction telescope for ginning. After the seeds had been removed, the cotton was pressed into bales. In August, after the cotton plants had flowered and the flowers had begun to give way to cotton bolls (the seed-bearing capsule that contains the cotton fiber), all the plantations slavesmen, women, and childrenworked together to pick the crop (Figure). [35] Californias cotton is mostly grown in seven counties within the San Joaquin Valley, though Imperial Valley and Palo Verde Valley also have acres planted. Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License. White America, not just White southerners, helped determine that the destiny of Black America would be in the cotton fields of the South for many decades to come. He later escaped and wrote a book about his experiences: Twelve Years a Slave. The Mississippi River Valley slave states became the epicenter of cotton production, an area of frantic economic activity where the landscape changed dramatically as land was transformed from pinewoods and swamps into cotton fields. [14][15], The United States, observed in 1940 that "many thousands of black cotton farmers each year now go to the polls, stand in line with their white neighbors, and mark their ballots independently without protest or intimidation, in order to determine government policy toward cotton production control. The spindles add moisture to the locks to make them cling to the barbs, and rubber doffers loosen the cotton, which is then blown into a steel basket. The power of cotton on the world market may have brought wealth to the South, but it also increased its economic dependence on other countries and other parts of the United States. New York's poor Black population was effectively disfranchised. All told, the movement of slaves in the South made up one of the largest forced internal migrations in the United States. By 1860, New York had become the capital of the South because of its dominant role in the cotton trade. Theirs was a world of mobility and restlessness, a constant search for the next area to grow the valuable crop. In the eastern part of the state, cotton is planted mostly on medium-high beds to allow better drainage and to enable the soil to warm up quicker in the spring, while in West Texas and other sections with low rainfall, cotton is planted below the level of the land. Facebook: quarterly number of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2022, Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2022, Number of apps available in leading app stores Q3 2022, Research expert covering agriculture & FMCG, Profit from additional features with an Employee Account. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, upland cotton in Missouri was valued at 0.751 $ / pound in 2017. If you change your mind, you can easily unsubscribe. Annual production slumped from 1,365,000 bales in the 1910s to 801,000 in the 1920s. Karen Gerhardt Britton, Indeed, slaves often maintained their own gardens and livestock, which they tended after working the cotton fields, in order to supplement their supply of food. As a Premium user you get access to background information and details about the release of this statistic. By 1850, six mills were in operation in and around Petersburg and they employed approximately 700 female workers. January 12, 2023. How many bales of cotton did Georgia produce before the cotton gin? https://www.tshaonline.org, https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/cotton-culture, By: Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1972, Hughes, Jonathan. Left: Acres of upland cotton harvested as a percent of harvested cropland acreage (2007). Virginia and Maryland therefore took the lead in the domestic slave trade, the trading of slaves within the borders of the United States. The 1859 census credited Texas with a yield of 431,645 bales. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA). Over the centuries, cotton became a staple crop in American agriculture. [23] In South Carolina, Williamsburg County production fell from 37,000 bales in 1920 to 2,700 bales in 1922 and one farmer in McCormick County produced 65 bales in 1921 and just 6 in 1922. In 1870 more than 725,000 bales of cotton were produced, largely by Black sharecroppers who were often compelled to farm the lands of former enslavers. Please do not hesitate to contact me. [3] The final estimate of U.S. cotton production in 2012 was 17.31 million sales,[4] with the corresponding figures for China and India being 35 million and 26.5 million bales, respectively. The slaves who built this cotton kingdom with their labor started by clearing the land. Southern planters also borrowed money from banks in northern cities, and in the southern summers, took advantage of the developments in transportation to travel to resorts at Saratoga, New York; Litchfield, Connecticut; and Newport, Rhode Island. Thus, the delegates faced the question: should there be a United States with slavery, or no United States without slavery? Thus, the cotton economy controlled the destiny of enslaved Africans. Cotton planting took place in March and April, when slaves planted seeds in rows around three to five feet apart. Legumes, both summer and winter, play an important part in building up soil fertility and in making cotton production more profitable. [7] The Hopson Planting Company produced the first crop of cotton to be entirely planted, harvested, and baled by machinery in 1944. [Online]. In addition to dominating the slave trade, New York denied voting rights to its small free Black population, which comprised only one percent of the population. 3 million. This socially enforced debt peonage, known as the crop-lien system, began after the Civil War and continued in practice until the 1930s. California is the largest producer of Pima cotton in the United States. By 1860, Georgia alone produced 701,840 bales of cotton, establishing it as the fourth-largest cotton-growing state. Advertisement. Answer 2. Leading States for cotton production In Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and elsewhere in the South, slave auctions happened every day. Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. [citation needed] Texas produces approximately 25% of the country's cotton crop on more than 6 million acres, the equivalent of over 9,000 square miles (23,000km2) of cotton fields. Between the years 1820 and 1860, approximately 80 percent of the global cotton supply was produced in the United States. The crop grown in the South was a hybrid: Gossypium barbadense, known as Petit Gulf cotton, a mix of Mexican, Georgia, and Siamese strains. By 1860, Great Britain, the worlds most powerful country, had become the birthplace of the industrial revolution, and a significant part of that nations industry was cotton textiles. After the seeds had been removed, the cotton was pressed into bales. Other white men could benefit from the trade as owners of warehouses and pens in which slaves were held, or as suppliers of clothing and food for slaves on the move. The Souths dependence on cotton was matched by its dependence on slaves to harvest the cotton. This astonishing increase in supply did not cause a long-term decrease in the price of cotton. Though these methods were faster, however, they both resulted in cotton with a high trash content that brought a much lower price than hand-picked or hand-snapped cotton. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-89701. 2,250,000 Which decade experienced the greatest increase in the number of slaves? Maryland slave dealers sold at least 185,000 slaves. [43], Missouri grows upland cotton, and cottonseed, which is a valuable livestock feed. [32] With eight production regions around Texas, and only four geographic regions, it is the state's leading cash crop. When the international slave trade was outlawed in 1808, the domestic slave trade exploded, providing economic opportunities for whites involved in many aspects of the trade and increasing the possibility of slaves dislocation and separation from kin and friends. How did the invention of the cotton gin affect the economies of the North and South in the years between 1800 and 1850? Cotton, however, emerged as the antebellum Souths major commercial crop, eclipsing tobacco, rice, and sugar in economic importance. Boston: Little Brown, 1986, Bruchey, Stuart. The adoption of chemical pesticides to reduce diseases and thus increase the yield of the crop further boosted production. In 1850, twenty-five percent of the population of New Orleans, Louisiana, was from the North and ten percent of the population in Mobile, Alabama, was former New Yorkers. On September 25, 1961, Herbert Lee, a black cotton farmer and voter-registration organizer, was shot in the head and killed by white state legislator E. H. Hurst in Liberty, Mississippi. [10] Prior to the U.S. Civil War, cotton production expanded from 750,000 bales in 1830 to 2.85 million bales in 1850. Cotton should be harvested as early as possible because profits are often greatly reduced by allowing the open cotton to be exposed to the wind and rain. One-half to one bushel of fuzzy seed or from ten to fifteen pounds of delinted seed per acre is usually planted, the amount depending upon the section of the state. I know of none where is congregated so great a variety of the human species. Slaves, cotton, and the steamship transformed the city from a relatively isolated corner of North America in the eighteenth century to a thriving metropolis that rivaled New York in importance (Figure). Over 50% of the Santa Rosa County's harvest is of cotton. Whenever new slave states entered the Union, white slaveholders sent armies of slaves to clear the land in order to grow and pick the lucrative crop. The Civil War (1861-65) dramatically changed the state's agricultural labor force by freeing thousands of enslaved laborers, but cotton continued to be the main crop in many parts of Georgia. A great deal of Texas cotton is exported, especially to Japan and South Korea. Profit from the additional features of your individual account. "[16] However, discrimination towards blacks continued as it did in the rest of society, and isolated incidents often broke out. It became a major crop in the 1930s. Nearly all the exported cotton was shipped to Great Britain, fueling its burgeoning textile industry and making the powerful British Empire increasingly dependent on American cotton and southern slavery. These bales, weighing about four hundred to five hundred pounds, were wrapped in burlap cloth and sent down the Mississippi River. Visit the Internet Archive to watch a 1937 WPA film showing cotton bales being loaded onto a steamboat. M. Rebecca Sharpless and Joe C. Yelderman, Jr., eds., The Texas Blackland Prairie: Land, History, and Culture (Waco: Baylor University, 1993). Cotton Extension Program, University of Missouri Agricultural Extension, USDA NASS (used total production in pounds to determine rank), University of Missouri Extension - Southeast Missouri Crop Budgets, Cinderella of the New South: A History of the Cottonseed Industry, 1855-1955, Newspaper clippings about Cotton production in the United States, Agriculture in the Southwestern United States, Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990, Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotton_production_in_the_United_States&oldid=1150392371, Agricultural production in the United States, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Beckert, Sven.
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